Title | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites predominant in human plasma following escalating oral micro-dosing with [C]-BaP. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2022 |
Authors | Monica L Vermillion Maier, Siddens, LK, Pennington, JM, Uesugi, SL, Anderson, KA, Tidwell, LG, Tilton, SC, Ognibene, TJ, Turteltaub, KW, Smith, JN, Williams, DE |
Journal | Environ Int |
Volume | 159 |
Pagination | 107045 |
Date Published | 2022 Jan 15 |
ISSN | 1873-6750 |
Abstract | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is formed by incomplete combustion of organic materials (petroleum, coal, tobacco, etc.). BaP is designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 known human carcinogen; a classification supported by numerous studies in preclinical models and epidemiology studies of exposed populations. Risk assessment relies on toxicokinetic and cancer studies in rodents at doses 5-6 orders of magnitude greater than average human uptake. Using a dose-response design at environmentally relevant concentrations, this study follows uptake, metabolism, and elimination of [C]-BaP in human plasma by employing UPLC - accelerator mass spectrometry (UPLC-AMS). Volunteers were administered 25, 50, 100, and 250 ng (2.7-27 nCi) of [C]-BaP (with interceding minimum 3-week washout periods) with quantification of parent [C]-BaP and metabolites in plasma measured over 48 h. [C]-BaP median T was 30 min with C and area under the curve (AUC) approximating dose-dependency. Marked inter-individual variability in plasma pharmacokinetics following a 250 ng dose was seen with 7 volunteers as measured by the C (8.99 ± 7.08 ng × mL) and AUC (68.6 ± 64.0 fg × hr × mL). Approximately 3-6% of the [C] recovered (AUC) was parent compound, demonstrating extensive metabolism following oral dosing. Metabolite profiles showed that, even at the earliest time-point (30 min), a substantial percentage of [C] in plasma was polar BaP metabolites. The best fit modeling approach identified non-compartmental apparent volume of distribution of BaP as significantly increasing as a function of dose (p = 0.004). Bay region tetrols and dihydrodiols predominated, suggesting not only was there extensive first pass metabolism but also potentially bioactivation. AMS enables the study of environmental carcinogens in humans with de minimus risk, allowing for important testing and validation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models derived from animal data, risk assessment, and the interpretation of data from high-risk occupationally exposed populations. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107045 |
Alternate Journal | Environ Int |
PubMed ID | 34920278 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC8791557 |
Grant List | P30 CA023074 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States R01 ES028600 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States P30 ES030287 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States R24 GM137748 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States P42 ES016465 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States T32 ES007060 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States |